What are you doing when your child misbehaves?

At that age, it's often a response to being overstimulated, excited, etc. just big feelings. Not intentionally trying to hurt you. Its difficult but simple.

You take a break back and don't react suddenly, say no hitting firmly and hold that boundary. I would say "I'm not going to let you hit me" or redirect and say "let's hit this drum instead" until he got the message. Yelling and being reactive and hitting them does teach them something, but not necessarily not to do the behavior. It happens to all of us when you lose your cool, but you're also role modeling how to handle those big feelings when you are reactive. Give them a moment to know you're firm without dragging it out and move on.

As they get older and better able to communicate you can hit them with the "x is a good boy/girl, but hitting mama is not nice or good. I don't know why you're hitting me, but I won't let you" my son replies "(name) a good boy...sorry mama" since we've been down this road enough times and he knows it hurts.

A one year old will not understand just about any form of discipline. For things like hitting themselves I would hold their hands and gently pat my head or their head and say “be gentle”. It will probably take a while for them to pick up on anything you teach them because they don’t have impulse control and their memory is pretty bad at a year old.
Also they probably won’t understand “don’t” or “no” so try to give them positive statements like instead of saying “don’t hit yourself” say “be gentle”

Spanking is lazy parenting. Teaching a child to fear retribution doesn't teach them right from wrong, it teaches them to be scared of doing something wrong. It doesn't build trust, it doesn't teach them how to regulate emotions, it doesn't help them understand. I recommend reading some parenting books(I listen to audiobooks because who's got the time to read) and think about what techniques you would like to try, have something prepared for next time this happens. We're all learning, but we owe it to our children to do our best for them. Spanking isn't doing your best. No-one needs to hurt a child to make them "behave". Your child is acting like a 1 year old. You have lots of other options.

Finding a good outlet for that energy and redirecting the behavior shows them where they can safely express and not repress those feelings/actions while showing them your boundaries and how to behave appropriately with others after repetitive reminding. Remember they are learning, give it time!

And don't get me wrong, if we've gone over something well enough (my son is 2 now) and he still does it i.e. chasing cats, trying to hit them or throw things at them- he absolutely gets a small smack and has to apologize in that moment for hurting them and we have him sit for a moment and cool off or "blow candles" (hold hand up, lower fingers) to practice him getting deep breaths in to reset his nervous system and refocus on next activity.

It’s important to remember that babies basically know nothing about the world. They don’t know hitting hurts. They don’t know they can cause other people pain. They don’t even develop empathy till they’re a little older. If you spank them when they are trying to experiment and explore their world, you will be punishing their curiosity rather than teaching them how to experience the world more safely.

A one year old needs to be redirected and taught appropriate behaviors that still suit the need of whatever they were trying to achieve with the unwanted behavior

From personal experience , getting spanked as a child taught me nothing but to be scared whenever i was in trouble or doing something wrong. As a mother, i don't want my children to be scared of me, even if they're in trouble. I actually want them to feel the opposite and want them to come to me. There are other ways to discipline and get your child to listen without spanking them in my opinion🤍

redirect. firm 'no' and redirect to a fidget toy, soothing pacifier, ect.

Not sure what spanking would teach him other than to slap your ass instead of slapping your face.

We used to just say "hey, we don't hit' but now we're at the terrible 2s and that doesn't work anymore. We've started doing time outs, I don't like spanking but there are some days I wish I could 🙃 I remind myself it's so easy to smack a butt, it takes real patience and work to teach them how to act properly

At 1, I don't really think they fully understand they are hitting you. I tell my 1 year old we use gentle touch and take her hand and softly pat or strok while I say" gental touches." Now, any time she gets excited and 'hits' i say no, gentle touch, and she will stop and start to softly pat or stroke.

A little tap on the butt and explain what they are doing wrong is perfectly acceptable

I think boys can tolerate spanks better than girls too. Some kids are more sensitive than others. My daughter absolutely wouldn’t respond well to a spank, so we do time out